The late French premier, was the son of a rich merchant at Grenoble, where he was born October 12, 1777.

The premier of one year might be a subordinate minister the next; or some subtle and persistent nature, like that of Sir Frederick Whitaker, might manage chiefs whom he appeared to follow, and be the guiding mind of parties which he did not profess to direct.

The premier was almost a fanatic in his peace principles, and was on the most friendly terms with Nicholas and his ministers.