He therefore gave new privileges to all; he gave charters of freedom to towns; he made concessions to the peasantry.

These were furnished by those cities which had obtained from feudal sovereigns charters of freedom.

[FN [t] William was so little ashamed of his birth, that be assumed the appellation of bastard in some of his letters and charters.

Twice in his reign he ordered all his charters to be sealed anew, and the parties to pay fees for the renewal

The monasteries which were there founded were established, according to the words of their charters, amid immense solitudes; and the French nobles only came into Brabant for the sport of bear-hunting in its interminable forests.

The Perpetual Edict, in 1611, regulated the form of judicial proceedings; and several provinces received new charters, by which the privileges of the people were placed on a footing in harmony with their wants.

In such a system of laws and institutions well adapted to each other, the members of the commission belonging to the Belgian provinces recognized the basis of their ancient charters, and the principles of their former liberty.

So he built ships of war, and made harbors for them, gave charters to East and West India Companies, planted colonies in India and America, decreed tariffs to protect infant manufactures, gave bounties to all kinds of artisans, encouraged manufacturing industry, and declared war on the whole brood of aristocratic peculators that absorbed the revenues of the kingdom.

How firmly amidst the quarrels, and by means of the very differences, of the monarchs the liberties of these cities of Asia Minor were established, is shown by the fact, that the dispute between Antiochus and the Romans some years after this time related not to the freedom of these cities in itself, but to the question whether they were to ask confirmation of their charters from the king or not.

They could not possibly allow the mild and almost purely nominal Egyptian rule to be supplanted by the Macedonian despotism, with which urban self-government and freedom of commercial intercourse were not at all compatible; and the fearful treatment of the Cians showed that the matter at stake was not the right of confirming the charters of the towns, but the life or death of one and all.

LAWS, DIGESTS, CHARTERS, CONSTITUTIONS, AND REPORTS GENERAL Code Noir ou Recueil d'édits, déclarations et arrêts concernant la Discipline et le commerce des esclaves Nègres des isles françaises de l'Amérique (in Recueils de réglemens, édits, déclarations et arrêts, concernant le commerce, l'administration de la justice et la police des colonies françaises de l'Amérique, et les engagés avec le Code Noir, et l'addition audit code).

(Philadelphia, 1830-1834.) THORPE, F.N. Federal and State Constitution, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies now or heretofore Forming the United States of America.

It is refreshing to turn from these shallow, distorted constructions and servile cringings, to the high bearing of other southern men in other times; men, who in their character of legislators and lawyers, disdained to accommodate their interpretations of constitutions and charters to geographical lines, or to bend them to the purposes of a political canvass.

For the founding of the several colonies, their charters, etc., the student may profitably consult the learned monographs in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, 8 vols.

[Sidenote: Mediæval charters.

It was after the Roman worldthat is to say, Christendom, for in the Middle Ages the two terms were synonymoushad become thoroughly familiar with the idea of contract, that the practice grew up of granting written charters to towns, or monasteries, or other corporate bodies.

And so, in quite significant phrase the towns zealously guarded their charters as the "title-deeds of their liberties.

Perhaps it would be straining words to call a transaction in which the consent was so one-sided a "contract," but the idea of Magna Charta was derived from that of the town charters with which people were already familiar.

In those colonies which had charters these documents served, to a certain extent, the purposes of a written constitution.

3. Mediæval charters: a.

If you were to see the acts passed by the legislatures of the states between 1808 and 1812, you would find that very many of them were charters for iron works, paper mills, thread works, factories for making cotton and woolen cloth, oilcloth, boots, shoes, rope.

By Eleanor C. Delaney, George I. Sanchez, Prudence Cutright & W. W. Charters, illustrated by George M. Richards.

Prudence Cutright (A), W. W. Charters, Jr., Margaret Charters Lyon, Aileen C. House & Jean C. Graham (C of W. W. Charters); 29Oct73; R561928. R561929.

Prudence Cutright (A), W. W. Charters, Jr., Margaret Charters Lyon, Aileen C. House & Jean C. Graham (C of W. W. Charters); 29Oct73; R561928. R561929.

Prudence Cutright (A), W. W. Charters, Jr., Margaret Charters Lyon, Aileen C. House & Jean C. Graham (C of W. W. Charters); 29Oct73; R561928. R561929.