Granites, slates, lavas, limestone, iron ores, quartz veins, auriferous gravels, remnants of dead fire-rivers and dead water-rivers are developed here side by side within a radius of a few miles, and placed invitingly open before the student like a book, while the people and the region beyond the camp furnish mines of study of never-failing interest and variety.

The most important of the ancient river-channels in this region is a section that extends from the south side of the town beneath Coyote Creek and the ridge beyond it to the Cañon of the Stanislaus; but on account of its depth below the general surface of the present valleys the rich gold gravels it is known to contain cannot be easily worked on a large scale.

" The importance of these ancient gravels as gold fountains is well known to miners.

Here, also, once roamed the mastodon and elephant, whose bones are found entombed in the river gravels and beneath thick folds of lava.

The gravels round you will be made up entirely of rolled chalk flints, and bits of beds immediately above or below the chalk.

But the general appearance of the dried sea-bottom would be a dreary and lifeless waste of sands, gravels, loose boulders, and boulder-bearing clays; and wherever a boss of bare rock still stood up, it would be found ground down, and probably polished and scored by the ponderous icebergs which had lumbered over it in their passage out to sea.

And no doubt, when these gravels and sands rose from the sea, they were barren for hundreds of years.

You know the gravel-pit itself; and all the upper soils and gravels, which are spread over the length and breadth of the country to the north.

For not only were they deposited in shallow water; a great deal of them, probably, near river-mouths, and by the force of violent currents, as the irregularity of their lower bed proves: but there is hardly a plant or animal found in the chalk itself, which is found in the gravels, sands, or clays above it.

In the gravels and sands at Pirbright they are so plentiful that they are quarried for building-stone.

You may say, it "grew" of itself in our sands and gravels; but it certainly did not "grow" on the top of a bare chalk down.

That convulsion covered up the rich clays with those barren sands and gravels, which now rise in flat and dreary steppes, on the Beacon Hill, Aldershot Moors, Hartford Bridge Flat, Frimley ridges, and Windsor Forest.

To vote as I used to do, Though it gravels me like the devil to train

That gravels 'em.

Above these are gravels brought down by the floods and landslides of more modern times, in which may be found potsherds and bones.

About five feet above the road I saw what looked like one of the small rocks which are freely interspersed throughout the gravels here

In the meantime Dr. Bowman had become convinced that the compact gravels of Ayahuaycco were of glacial origin.

In view of the fragmentary character of the skeletal evidence, the fact that no proof of great antiquity could be drawn from the characters of the human skeletal parts, and the suggestion made by Dr. Bowman of the possibility that the gravels which contained the bones might be of a later origin than he thought, we determined to make further and more complete investigations in 1912.

Although the "Cuzco gravels are believed to have reached their greatest extent and thickness in late Pleistocene times," more recent deposits have, however, been superimposed on top and alongside of them.

"Geologic data do not require more than a few hundreds of years as the age of the human remains found in the Cuzco gravels.

Vertebrate Remains in the Cuzco Gravels.

Herbert E. Gregory: The Gravels at Cuzco.

Everything leads to the belief that they were extracted from pre-existing coal deposits that already possessed a definite hardness and bulk, at the same time as were the gravels and sand in which they are imprisoned.

And seeing them so dispirited and marking also the many wonderful portents, that foremost of all wielders of arms, the preceptor Drona, son of Bharadwaja, said, 'Violent and hot are the winds that below, showering gravels in profusion.

He seems to view with sceptical calm mirth, Remains of Man among the river gravels.