In the settlement of Virginia it was attempted to copy directly the parishes and vestries, boroughs and guilds of England.

At special stations were posted clergy singing praises, and the scholæ or guilds placed to salute the Emperor as he passed.

Through her I learned that much pains had been taken to intensify and excite into active hostility the dislike and distrust with which they had always been regarded by the public at large, and especially by the scientific guilds, whose members control all educational establishments.

These syndicates, called guilds, as a means of raising money, regulated trade and fixed prices, and they succeeded in fixing prices because they could prevent competition within the walls.

Then the country grew safe and manufactures migrated from the walled and heavily taxed towns to the cheap, open villages, and from thence undersold the guilds.

As the area of competition broadened, so the guilds weakened, until, under Edward VI, being no longer able to defend themselves, they were ruthlessly and savagely plundered; and fifty years later the Court of King's Bench gravely held that a royal grant of a monopoly had always been bad at common law.

Staley, R., The Guilds of Florence.

[Sidenote: The guilds.]

From an early period tradesmen and artisans found it worth while to form themselves into guilds or brotherhoods, in order to protect their persons and property against insult and robbery at the hands of great lords and their lawless military retainers.

Thus there came to be guilds, or "worshipful companies," of grocers, fishmongers, butchers, weavers, tailors, ironmongers, carpenters, saddlers, armourers, needle-makers, etc.

In large towns there was a tendency among such trade guilds to combine in a "united brotherhood," or "town guild," and this organization at length acquired full control of the city government.

The aldermen, or head men of sundry guilds, became the head men of the several wards.

The voters are enrolled members of companies which represent the ancient guilds.

The development of other English cities and boroughs was so far like that of London that merchant guilds generally obtained control, and government by mayor, aldermen, and common council came to be the prevailing type.

6. Explain the origin and the objects of the various guilds.

But from now on, they began to organize in guilds of an essentially religious character, as similar guilds in other parts of Asia at the same time also did.

But from now on, they began to organize in guilds of an essentially religious character, as similar guilds in other parts of Asia at the same time also did.

Furthermore, each trade had its own guild; in Peking in the nineteenth century there existed over 420 different guilds.

Thus, guilds failed to achieve political influence even within individual cities.

Sometimes, such regional associations could function as pressure groups, especially as they were usually financially stronger than the guilds.

" "Do all the trades have guilds, and are they all represented in the Assembly?" "Why, of course!

Wesley himself had received the governing impulse of his life from Law's Serious Call and Christian Perfection, and he had been a member of one of those religious societies (or guilds, as they would now be called) with which the piety of Bishop Beveridge and Dr. Horneck had enriched the Church of England.

How to budget health: guilds for doctors and patients.

They had built triumphal arches, and the guilds had gone forth to accompany him into the city, now adorned for festivity.

They were then marched, under charge of the soldiers of Plassenburg, to various strongholds which were pointed out by the Burgomeister and the chiefs of the guilds.