No Roman jurist had a higher reputation than Papinian, who was praefectus praetorio under Septimius Severus (193 A.D.),an office which made him second only to the Emperor, a sort of grand vizier, whose power extended over all departments of the State; he was beheaded by Caracalla.

Paulus was his contemporary, and held the same office as Papinian.

The last of the great civilians associated with Gaius, Papinian, Paulus, and Ulpian, as oracles of jurisprudence, was Modestinus, who was a pupil of Ulpian.

The great lawyers who flourished from Trajan to Alexander Severus, like Gaius, Ulpian, Paulus, Papinian, and Modestinus, had no successors who can be compared with them, and their works became standard authorities in the courts of law.

More than a third of the whole Pandects is from Ulpian, and next to him the principal writers are Paulus, Papinian, Salvius Julianus, Pomponius, Q. Cervidius Scaevola, and Gaius.

So Papinian, lib.

Codex, v, 18, 4. Ulpian in Dig., xi, 7, 16; ibid., Papinian, 17; ibid, Julianus, 18.

" Papinian in Dig., 48, 5, 21 (20); ibid., Ulpian, 24 (23).

Papinian in Dig., 48, 5, 23 (22).

Papinian in Dig., 48, 5, 39 (38); ibid., Marcianus, 48, 8, 1.

Vat., 325; id., 327 (from Papinian): mulieres quoque et sine tutoris auctoritate procuratorem facere posse.

[140] Pomponius in Dig., 48, 2, 1; ibid., Papinian, 48, 2, 2who adds that she could also do so in a case regarding the will of a mother or father's freedman.

Papinian in Dig., 48, 4, 8. Juvenal, vi, 242245.