The Flexor Perforans and Perforatus 12.

The Flexor Perforans and Perforatus (the Perforans cut through and deflected) 13.

The Flexor Perforans and Perforatus (the Perforans cut through and deflected) 13.

C. THE TENDONS.The terminal portions of the extensor pedis and the flexor perforans.

1, Posterior surface; 2, gliding surface for passage of flexor perforans; 3, lower articulatory surface.

In the recent state it is covered with fibro-cartilage for the passage of the flexor perforans.

The posterior surface of the complementary cartilage forms a gliding surface for the passage of the perforans.

1, Inferior surface (smooth for the passage of the flexor perforans); 2, anterior edge of inferior surface; 3, posterior edge of inferior surface.

(AFTER HAÜBNER.) 1, Tendon of flexor perforans; 2, its supporting check-band from the posterior ligament of the carpus; 3, tendon of the flexor perforatus; 4, ring and sheath of the flexor perforatus; 5, widening out of the flexor perforatus to form the plantar aponeurosis; 6, suspensory ligament; 7, reinforcing band from the suspensory ligament to the extensor pedis; 8, the extensor pedis.

It is reinforced at the lower end of the radius by the superior carpal ligament, passes through the carpal and metacarpo-phalangeal sheaths, and, arriving behind the fetlock, forms a ring for the passage of the flexor perforans.

11.THE FLEXOR PERFORANS AND FLEXOR PERFORATUS TENDONS.

1, Reflected cut edges of the perforatus ring and the metacarpo-phalangeal sheath; 2, the perforans tendon; 3, point of insertion of the perforans tendon into the semilunar crest of the os pedis (this widened and thickened extremity of the perforans is known as the plantar aponeurosis).]

1, Reflected cut edges of the perforatus ring and the metacarpo-phalangeal sheath; 2, the perforans tendon; 3, point of insertion of the perforans tendon into the semilunar crest of the os pedis (this widened and thickened extremity of the perforans is known as the plantar aponeurosis).]

1, Reflected cut edges of the perforatus ring and the metacarpo-phalangeal sheath; 2, the perforans tendon; 3, point of insertion of the perforans tendon into the semilunar crest of the os pedis (this widened and thickened extremity of the perforans is known as the plantar aponeurosis).]

The metacarpo-phalangeal sheath and the ring of the perforatus laid open posteriorly, and the cut edges reflected; the flexor perforans cut through at about the region of the sesamoids, and its inferior portion deflected.

THE FLEXOR PEDIS PERFORANS, OR THE DEEP FLEXOR OF THE PHALANGES.This muscle consists of three easily-divided portions: an ulnar, a humeral, and a radial, and has for points of origin the olecranon process of the ulna, the inner condyloid ridge of the humerus, and the posterior surface of the radius.

The action of the perforans is to flex the third on the second, and the second on the first phalanx.

xiii., p. 427.] 'For old-standing lamenesses, when due to splints, exostoses, chronically sprained, thickened, and painful perforans and perforatus tendons, or cases of that kind which cause pain by pressing on the adjacent nerve structures, after all other known methods have failed, median neurectomy is the operation which will be most likely to give the animal a new lease of life and usefulness.

The navicular bone and bursa and the tendon of the perforans also suffer from the effects of compression.

The flexors were apparently all right, and the bending back seemed to be due to contraction of the ligaments of the joint and the sheath of the perforans.

In this category we may place injuries to the terminal portion of the perforans, puncture of the navicular bursa, fracture of the navicular bone and penetration of the pedal articulation, and splintering of the os pedis.

107.RESECTION OF TERMINAL PORTION OF THE PERFORANS.

a, The plantar cushion; b, b, the plantar aponeurosis, or terminal portion of perforans; c, the navicular bone; d, interosseous ligaments of the pedal articulation; e, e, semilunar crest of the os pedis; f, inferior surface of os pedis; g, g, the sensitive laminæ of the bars; h, h, bearing surface of the wall; i, i, the sensitive sole; k, the sensitive frog.]

This calls for a relief of tension on the perforans, and is only to be brought about by the high-heeled shoe.

The fact of Lamarck having placed in the genus Venus this shell, which a modern conchologist has considered as a variety of Venerupis perforans, shows the very great affinity that exists between those genera.