An idol of 'Pan-Turkism' was erected, and all non-Turkish elements in the population were subjected to the harshest measures.

The Ottomanisation of religion and language, then, was among the pacific methods of spreading Pan-Turkism through the Empire.

There are corporations to advance economic organisations, boy-scout centres all over the Empire, and 'intellectual parties' among the guilds of merchantsEngland and Russia appear as the most virulent foes of Pan-Turkism, 'the colossus of darkest barbarism joined with the colossus of a degenerate civilisation.'

Turkism, as administered by Abdul Hamid first, then, far more efficiently, by Enver Pasha, and Talaat Bey, has solved the Armenian question.