Professor Dewey urges that "the industrial history of man is not a materialistic or merely utilitarian affair," but a matter of intelligence, a record of how men learned to think, and also an ethical record, "the account of the conditions which men have patiently wrought out to serve their ends.

It is not unreasonable to conclude that such a preoccupation with rhetoric, such a sustained search for all possible means of persuasion, should have strengthened rather than weakened the utilitarian theory of poetry.

The arts are attacked because they are not successfully utilitarian, and because they appeal to the emotions instead of to the reason.

It was the age of the Sophists,those popular but superficial teachers who claimed to be the most advanced of their generation; men who were doubtless accomplished, but were cynical, sceptical, and utilitarian, placing a high estimate on popular favor and an outside life, but very little on pure subjective truth or the wants of the soul.

I might even refer to those schools of our country where these ultra utilitarian notions are carried to an extent which excludes amusing conversation or reading even during meal-time; and devotes the hours which were formerly spent in recreation, to manual labor of some productive kind or other.

This may seem to be a utilitarian view, with which those philosophers who have cultivated science for its own sake, finding in the same a sufficient reward, can have no sympathy.

More utilitarian are (6) and (7), in which a woman asks "Who will marry a man too lazy to till the ground for food?"

The steel workers and their families live as a rule in two and three family houses, built of wood, generally unpainted, and always dismally utilitarian as to architectural details.

They were even set up sulkily, in a utilitarian age which was haunted by the thought that there were a great many more sensible ways of spending money.

They gave precision to the questions under discussion; and their controversies defined the traditional opposition of ethical opinion, and separated moralists into two hostile schools known as Utilitarian and Intuitionist.

As regards the former questionthat of the origin of moral ideasthe Utilitarian School held that they could be traced to experience; and by 'experience' they meant in the last resort sense-perceptions and the feelings of pleasure and of pain which accompany or follow sense-perception.

It is from their views on the question of the standard of value, or the criterion of morality, that it claimed, and that it received, the name Utilitarian.

On both these points the Utilitarian School was opposed by an energetic but less compact body of writers, known as Intuitionists.

Mill is wrong in supposing that his use of the term "was the first time that any one had taken the title of Utilitarian"; and Galt, who represents his annalist as writing of the year 1794, is historically justified.

Writing in 1781 Bentham uses the word 'utilitarian,' and again in 1802 he definitely asserts that it is the only name of his creed ('Works,' x. 92, 392).

But we do not find any attack upon the main content of morality by the Utilitarian writers.

This is, in particular, the case with John Stuart Mill, the high-minded representative of the Utilitarian philosophy in the middle of last century.

To do as one would be done by, and to love one's neighbour as oneself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality.

The Utilitarian doctrine is expressly used by him to confirm the ordinary general laws of the moral consciousness.

So much was implied, though it was not much laid stress upon, in the utilitarian doctrine.

For the utilitarian conduct is right according to the amount of happiness it produces: goodness is relative to its tendency to produce happiness.

Perhaps we might trace the beginnings of this controversy as to the content of what is right and what is wrong to an older opposition in ethical thought, an opposition which especially affects the utilitarian doctrinethe controversy of Egoism and Altruism.

The Utilitarian writers of last century were of course conscious of this problem, conscious that there was a possible discrepancy between egoistic conduct and altruistic conduct; but they agreed to lay stress upon altruistic results as determining moral quality.

The Utilitarian writers of last generation, if they admitted the conflict of egoism and altruism, weighted every consideration on the side of altruism.

They emphasised therefore the agreement between their own utilitarian doctrine and the Christian morality in which altruism is fundamental.