I can only mention the names of the Englishmen Taylor and Loftus; of the Frenchmen, Place and De Sarzec; and, later, the Americans, Peters, Hilprecht, and Haynes, who have so faithfully explored the extremely archaic mound of Niffer, which I had the honor to recommend for excavation after I had visited the mounds of Southern Babylonia in the winter of 1884-85.

The Persians were ruled by independent chieftains, or petty kings, who acknowledged fealty to Media; so that Persia was really a province of Media, as Burgundy was of France in the Middle Ages, and as Babylonia at one period was of Assyria.

But the first propagators of traditionism in Spain came from the East, on the breaking up of the great schools of Babylonia by the Persians.

The Assyrian renaissance of the seventeenth century B.C. witnessed great activity among scribes and book collectors: modern scholars are deeply indebted to this golden age of letters in Babylonia for many precious and imperishable monuments.

Southern Mesopotamiathe Irak of the Arabs and Babylonia of the Greekslies desolate like the North, but is a contrast to it in every other respect.

The god Dibbarra has devastated the cities of Babylonia with bloody wars.