Although Spain was mediaeval in its piety in the sixteenth century, this was the period of its highest intellectual culture, especially in the drama.

As late as 1506 Stephen Hawes's Pastime of Pleasure is as mediaeval as the Romance of the Rose.

The Renaissance marks the separation of the mediaeval from the modern world.

Gregory XVI issued a solemn protest maintaining authority against freedom, the mediaeval against the modern ideal, in an Encyclical Letter (1832), which was intended as a rebuke to some young French Catholics (Lamennais and his friends) who had conceived the promising idea of transforming the Church by the Liberal spirit of the day.

The forces which have transformed mediaeval into modern cities in a few short years will still exist.

They mark for her the transition from the mediaeval to the modern era which was everywhere taking place.

The city of Norwich has a unique charm from its combination of the mediaeval with the modern, and "improvements" so called have not spoilt it.