In the field of economics it has contributed industrialization with its twin sociological consequence, mechanization and urbanization.

While Japan went to work at once with all her energy to emulate Western industrialization, the ruling class in China had shown a marked repugnance to any modernization; and the centre of this conservatism was the dowager empress Tz[)u]

From the nineteenth century on, more and more industrial goods were offered by importers which also prevented industrialization.