Other varieties are recorded, e.g. the Corchorus Japonicus of Japan, and the Corchorus Mompoxensis used in Panama for making a kind of tea, while one variety of jute plant is referred to in the book of job as the Jew's Mallow; this variety C. Olitorius, has been used in the East from time immemorial as a pot herb.

A glance into the records of the textile industries will reveal the fact that the jute fibre was practically unknown in these islands a hundred years ago.

" From a schoolish-looking cupboard in the back of the room, Mr. Gordon extracted a much-thumbed pamphlet on the linen and jute industry, published after extended investigation by the United States in 1913.

" The same size of reel has been adopted for all jute yarns.

In addition, every important branch of this wide industry is liberally illustrated, and the description, although not severely technical, is sufficiently so to enable students, or those with no previous knowledge of the subject, to follow the operations intelligently, and to become more or less acquainted with the general routine of jute manufacture.

Six distinct types of jute fabrics are illustrated in Fig.

ASSORTING AND BALING JUTE FIBRE The Indian raw jute trade is conducted under various conditions.

Everywhere, on the stone flags, coolies were dumping down bundles, boxes, jute-bags crammed with heavy objects.

1 where a field is being ploughed as a preliminary process in jute cultivation.

Millions of sand bags were made from the year 1914 to the year 1918 solely for military purposes, while huge quantities of jute cloth were utilized as the covering material for food stuffs of various kinds, thus liberating the other textile fibres and cloth for equally important purposes.

The number of operatives in cotton mills has increased during the last ten years from 118,000 to 174,000, in jute mills from 65,000 to 114,000, in coal and other mines from 35,000 to 95,000, and in miscellaneous industries from 184,000 to 500,000.

The grain, when threshed, is piled on the ground in jute sacks, saving the expense of granaries and hauling to and from them.

Attention meanwhile had been directed to the possibility of manufacturing jute goods by machinery in Indiathe seat of the cultivation and growth of the fibre.

The fabrics are, indeed, typical examples of jute Wilton carpets.

CALCUTTA, jute machinery introduced into Calender finish Calenderoy Carding Card waste Cargoes of jute Chest finish Clasp-rods Conditioning fibre Cops Cop winding Corchorus capsularis clitorius Crisping and crisping machines Cropping machine Cultivation of jute Cutting knife for jute fibre Cuttings.

In those districts of India where British skill and commercial enterprise have checked the manufacture of muslin and calicoes, the Hindoos of all classes find in the culture and manufacture of jute employment for all, "from the palanquin-bearer and husbandman down to the Hindoo widow, saved by the interposition of England from the funeral pile, but condemned by custom for the residue of her days literally to sackcloth and ashes."

Marks of jute (see jute marks) Maund Measuring and marking machine machine for cloth the warp Methods of preparing warps Multiple-colour printing machines.

At the present time it is chiefly engaged in the manufacture of gloves and jute matting.

The jute cuttings are fed into the machines and the fibre rubbed between fixed and rotating pins in order to loosen the matted ends of stricks.

The after-dressings succeeding best are those of slightly caustic and astringent agents, preferably in the form of a powder, and held in position by carbol-jute pads and linen bandages applied with a certain amount of pressure.

The jute bales are loaded either at the wharf or in the river from barges into large steamers, many of which carry from 30,000 to 46,000 bales in one cargo to the European ports.

Practically one half of the total jute crop, of 9 to 10 million bales of 400 lbs.

Cops may be made of any length and any suitable diameter; a common size for jute shuttle is 10 in.

This particular illustration shows cotton weaving shed, but precisely the same principle of driving is being adopted in many jute factories.

In the sand-dune area they used a vast quantity of sandbags, and they met the shortage of jute stuffs by making small sacks of bedstead hangings and curtains which, in the dry heat of the summer, wore very well.