BALDWIN, MARSHALL W. The medieval papacy in action.

The Cluniacs in France and the congregations of Italy all hailed his elevation as the beginning of a better time, and side by side with this simonist Pope a young and brave monk suddenly appears, who, after the heroic exertions of a lifetime, was to raise the degenerate papacy to a height hitherto undreamed of.

"He found," says an eloquent and able Edinburgh reviewer, "the papacy dependent on the emperor; he sustained it by alliances almost commensurate with the Italian peninsula.

He found the papacy electoral by the Roman people and clergy; he left it electoral by papal nomination.

Nicholas V., founder of the secular papacy and chief patron of the humanistic movement in Rome, had approved a scheme for thoroughly rebuilding and refortifying the pontifical city.

Death of Gregory VII, in exile at Salerno; the papacy vacant till the following year.