And yet not really a Nation of Shopkeepers, but rather a nation ruled by a shopkeeping class.

There is no doubt but a very large amount of the shopkeeping class are rapidly falling into the condition of the unemployed labourers.

Then you have the shopkeeping class descending to the rank of the operatives.

The Byzantine garrisons in a few years became prototypes of the shopkeeping janizaries of the Ottoman empire, and bore no resemblance to the feudal militia of Western Europe, which Manuel had proposed as the model of his reform.

A middle-class, shopkeeping halo largely environs the assemblage.

Hence the marginal site for shopkeeping purposes will not be like our marginal farm, a site which yields no rent.

From a farm of about thirty-five to fifty acres of land, the farmer had to work one hundred and two days a year for the landowner; to give him the ninth part of all his crops, half a dollar in ready money, besides particular fees for shopkeeping, brewery, mill, &c. We freed the people from all the encumbrances, and, thanks to God!

Such is the new style of large shopkeeping, and it is not, of course, peculiar to Birmingham.

In an earlier part of these chapters I referred to the new style of shopkeeping that has developed in Birmingham with the growing size and importance of the town and city.

I now return to the subject again for the purpose of showing that although Birmingham seems to be much to the fore in the matter of up-to-time shopkeeping, there are still a limited number of traders and shopkeepers who keep pretty much to the old lines, and evidently desire to carry on their businesses in the way that their fathers did before them.

Old-fashioned shops naturally suggest new and old-style shopkeeping.

His own views of women were those of the shopkeeping middle class, practical, selfish, or sensual.